The Frequency Detection of Opportunistic Sexually Transmitted Infections among HIV-Infected Women Planning Pregnancy

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Elena Belyaeva, Eleva Genich, Olga Leshchenko

 
International Journal of Biomedicine. 2021;11(4):505-510.
DOI: 10.21103/Article11(4)_OA16
Originally published December 10, 2021

Abstract: 

The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of detection of opportunistic sexually transmitted infections (Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma spp, Human papillomavirus) in HIV-infected women planning pregnancy.
Methods and Results: We examined 31 HIV-positive Caucasian women. They sought pregnancy planning advice at the Scientific Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems in Irkutsk during 2014-2015. The average age of the women was 30.9±4.5 years (20-39 years). A clinical diagnosis of HIV was made at Irkutsk Regional AIDS Center. All HIV-infected women were tested for the presence of DNA of pathogens of bacterial and viral sexually transmitted infections in the epithelium of the cervical canal.
Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 1(3.2%) participant, Trichomonas vaginalis in 1(3.2%), Ureaplasma spp. in 14(45.2%), and HPV in 22(71%). Co-infection of HPV and Ureaplasma spp. was observed in 35.5% of HIV-positive women.
Conclusion: the prevention and detection of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected individuals remain a public health priority and an integral component of HIV primary care.

Keywords: 
HIV • HPV • Chlamydia trachomatis • Trichomonas vaginalis • Ureaplasma spp
References: 
  1. Manfrin-Ledet L, Porche DJ. The state of science: violence and HIV infection in women. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2003 Nov-Dec;14(6):56-68. doi: 10.1177/1055329003252056. 
  2. Leshchenko OYa, Genich EV, Darenskaya MA, Kolesnikova LI. [HIV and infertility: neuro-endocrine and metabolic aspects]. HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders. 2020;12(4):73-80. doi: 10.22328/2077-9828-2020-12-4-73-80.  [Article in Russian].
  3. UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet.
  4. Amirkhanian YA, Kelly JA, Tarima SS, Kuznetsova AV, DiFranceisco WJ, Musatov VB, Yakovlev AA, McAuliffe TL. Prevalence of Alcohol Use and Factors Associated With Problem Drinking in Social Networks of People Living With HIV Infection in St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS Educ Prev. 2019 Aug;31(4):380-393. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2019.31.4.380. 
  5. Irkutsk Reginal Centre on AIDS Prevention and Control infectional diseases. Available from: https://aids38.ru/?page_id=35
  6. Ghosn J, Taiwo B, Seedat S, Autran B, Katlama C. HIV. Lancet. 2018 Aug 25;392(10148):685-697. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31311-4. 
  7. Lewis FMT, Bernstein KT, Aral SO. Vaginal Microbiome and Its Relationship to Behavior, Sexual Health, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Apr;129(4):643-654. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001932.
  8. López de Munain J. [Epidemiology and current control of sexually transmitted infections. The role of STI clinics]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed). 2019 Jan;37(1):45-49. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.10.015. [Article in English, Spanish].
  9. Kolesnikova LI, Kolesnikov SI, Darenskaya MA, Grebenkina LA, Timofeeva EV, Leshchenko OY, Vanteeva OA, Rashidova MA. Otsenka pro- i antioksidantnogo statusa u zhenshchin s VICh i koinfektsiei [Evaluation of the pro- and antioxidant status of women with HIV or coinfection]. Ter Arkh. 2016;88(11):17-21. doi: 10.17116/terarkh2016881117-21. [Article in Russian].
  10. Kolesnikova LI, Darenskaya MA, Kolesnikov SI, Grebenkina LA, Rashidova MA, Timofeeva EV, Leshenko OY, Nikitina OA. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation processes in patients with chronic parenteral viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection depending on degree of inflammatory process activity in the liver. Ter Arkh. 2018 Nov 22;90(11):37-43. doi: 10.26442/terarkh2018901137-43. 
  11. Siracusano S, Silvestri T, Casotto D. Sexually transmitted diseases: epidemiological and clinical aspects in adults. Urologia. 2014 Oct-Dec;81(4):200-8. doi: 10.5301/uro.5000101.
  12. Leshchenko OYa, Malanova AB. [The ethnic characteristics of the combination of sexually transmitted infections in women with infertility and genital tuberculosis]. HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders. 2019;11(3):30-36. doi: 10.22328/2077-9828-2019-11-3-30-36. [Article in Russian].
  13. Leschenko OY, Genich EV. [The reproductive health and sexual behavior of HIV-infected women: the review]. Probl Sotsialnoi Gig Zdravookhranenniiai Istor Med. 2020 Mar;28(2):294-302. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-2-294-302. [Article in Russian].
  14. Green H, Taleghani S, Nyemba D, Myer L, Davey DJ. Partner notification and treatment for sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J STD AIDS. 2020 Nov;31(13):1282-1290. doi: 10.1177/0956462420949789. 
  15. Williams CL, Harrison LL, Llata E, Smith RA, Meites E. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Pregnant Women: 5 States, United States, 2009-2011. Matern Child Health J. 2018 Apr;22(4):538-545. doi: 10.1007/s10995-017-2422-9.
  16. Rawre J, Agrawal S, Dhawan B. Sexually transmitted infections: Need for extragenital screening. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018 Jan-Mar;36(1):1-7. doi: 10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_18_46.
  17. Belyaeva E, Genich E, Leshchenko O. The Genotype  Distribution of  Human  Papillomavirus among HIV- Infected  Women  Planning  Pregnancy in  Irkutsk,  Russia. International Journal of Biomedicine. 2021;11(3):346-350. doi:10.21103/Article11(3)_OA11
  18. Podlekareva D, Mocroft A, Dragsted UB, Ledergerber B, Beniowski M, Lazzarin A, Weber J, Clumeck N, Vetter N, Phillips A, Lundgren JD; EuroSIDA study group. Factors associated with the development of opportunistic infections in HIV-1-infected adults with high CD4+ cell counts: a EuroSIDA study. J Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 1;194(5):633-41. doi: 10.1086/506366.
  19. Gona P, Van Dyke RB, Williams PL, et al. Incidence of opportunistic and other infections in HIV-infected children in the HAART era. JAMA. 2006;296(3):292-300. doi:10.1001/jama.296.3.292
  20. Iroezindu MO. Disparities in the Magnitude of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-related Opportunistic Infections Between High and Low/Middle-income Countries: Is Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Changing the Trend? Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2016;6(1):4-18. doi:10.4103/2141-9248.180234
  21. Dereje N, Moges K, Nigatu Y, Holland R. Prevalence And Predictors Of Opportunistic Infections Among HIV Positive Adults On Antiretroviral Therapy (On-ART) Versus Pre-ART In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2019 Oct 4;11:229-237. doi: 10.2147/HIV.S218213.
  22. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 [published correction appears in Lancet. 2017 Jan 7;389(10064):e1]. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1545-1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
  23. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016 Oct 8;388(10053):1459-1544. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. Erratum in: Lancet. 2017 Jan 7;389(10064):e1.
  24. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Available from: https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/ 
  25. Adamyan  LV, Artymuk  NV, Belokrinitskaya TE, Zakharova UA, Ksenofontova OL, Kulikov AV, et al. [Cervical incompetence]. Problemy reproduktsii. 2018; 24(6):578-602. [Article in Russian].
  26. Kungurtsevа EA, Kolesnikova LI, Darenskaya MA, Ivanova EI, Tunik TV, Nemchenko UM,  et al. [Pathogenic potential of the microbiota of various biotopes of women with reproductive disorders and chronic endometritis]. Journal Infectology. 2018;10.S2-1:67-67. [Article in Russian].
  27. Kalichman SC, Pellowski J, Turner C. Prevalence of sexually transmitted co-infections in people living with HIV/AIDS: systematic review with implications for using HIV treatments for prevention. Sex Transm Infect. 2011 Apr;87(3):183-90. doi: 10.1136/sti.2010.047514. 
  28. Msuya SE, Uriyo J, Hussain A, Mbizvo EM, Jeansson S, Sam NE, Stray-Pedersen B. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women with known HIV status in northern Tanzania. Reprod Health. 2009 Feb 25;6:4. doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-6-4.
  29. Frej-Mądrzak M, Gryboś A, Gryboś M, Teryks-Wołyniec D, Jama-Kmiecik A, Sarowska J, Choroszy-Król I. PCR diagnostics of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic infection by women. Ginekol Pol. 2018;89(3):115-119. doi: 10.5603/GP.a2018.0020.
  30. Kalichman SC, Pellowski J, Turner C. Prevalence of sexually transmitted co-infections in people living with HIV/AIDS: systematic review with implications for using HIV treatments for prevention. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(3):183-190. doi:10.1136/sti.2010.047514
  31. Quilter L, Dhanireddy S, Marrazzo J. Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in HIV-Infected Individuals. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2017;14(2):41-46. doi:10.1007/s11904-017-0350-3
  32. Meites E, Llata E, Braxton J, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis in selected U.S. sexually transmitted disease clinics: testing, screening, and prevalence. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(11):865-869. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000038
  33. Sutton MY, Sternberg M, Nsuami M, Behets F, Nelson AM, St Louis ME. Trichomoniasis in pregnant human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected congolese women: prevalence, risk factors, and association with low birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(3):656-662. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70509-0
  34. Kokkayil P, Dhawan B. Ureaplasma: current perspectives. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2015;33(2):205-214. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.154850
  35. Taylor J, Sampene Ossei PP, Pradhan K, Adjah J, Agyeman-Duah E, Afranie BO, Donkor S, Ayibor W. Detecting Ureaplasma urealyticum among HIV-infected women with or without human papillomavirus using real-time PCR with the ANYPLEX™ II STI-7 assay system. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2019 May 8;14(3):295-299. doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.04.001. 
  36. Djigma F, Ouedraogo C, Sagna T, Ouermi D, Sanogo K, Bisseye C, Kabre A, Pietra V, Simpore J, Nikiema JB, Musumeci S. HIV-infected women of Burkina Faso: a "reservoir" of mycoplasma infection. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011 Mar 21;5(3):176-81. doi: 10.3855/jidc.950. 
  37. Banani S, Schlaeffer F, Leibenson L, Saidel-Odes L, Shemer Y, Sagi O, Borer A, Riesenberg K. [Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in HIV positive women in southern Israel]. Harefuah. 2013 Apr;152(4):204-6, 248. [Article in Hebrew].
  38. Lanzafame M, Delama A, Lattuada E, Faggian F, Padovani GC, Concia E, Vento S. Prevalence and clinical significance of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in the lower genital tract of HIV-1-infected women. Infez Med. 2006 Dec;14(4):213-5. 
  39. Klein C, Samwel K, Kahesa C, Mwaiselage J, West JT, Wood C, Angeletti PC. Mycoplasma Co-Infection Is Associated with Cervical Cancer Risk. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Apr 28;12(5):1093. doi: 10.3390/cancers12051093.
  40. Travassos AG, Brites C, Netto EM, Fernandes Sde A, Rutherford GW, Queiroz CM. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among HIV-infected women in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis. 2012;16(6):581-585. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.016
  41. Domingues D, Nogueira F, Tavira L, Exposto F. Micoplasmas: que papel nas infecções humanas? [Mycoplasmas: what is the role in human infections?]. Acta Med Port. 2005 Sep-Oct;18(5):377-83. [Article in Portuguese]. 
  42. Burd EM. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(1):1-17. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003
  43. Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer. Dis Markers. 2007;23(4):213-227. doi:10.1155/2007/914823
  44. Evidence of synergistic relationships between HIV and Human Papillomavirus (HPV): systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies of HPV acquisition and clearance by HIV status, and of HIV acquisition by HPV status. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(6):e25110. doi:10.1002/jia2.25110
  45. Martirosyan MM, Niauru DA, Stepanova YeV, Samarina AV. [Specificities of papilloma virus infection of cervix uteri in HIV-infected women in Saint-Petersburg]. HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders. 2012; 4(1): 51-56. [Article in Russian].
  46. Shipulina OYu, Popova AA, Kravchenko AV, Deulina MO, Dmitryukova MYu, Romanyuk TN. [Prevalence of high oncogenic risk genotypes of human papillomavirus in HIV-positive and HIV-negative females]. Infectious disease. 2016;14(4):26-30.  doi: 10.20953/1729-9225-2016-4-26-30. [Article in Russian].
  47. Marochko KV, Artymuk NV. [Features of papillomavirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women]. Fundamental and clinical medicine. 2017; 2(3): 35-41. [Article in Russian].
  48. Rocha-Brischiliari SC, Gimenes F, de Abreu AL, et al. Risk factors for cervical HPV infection and genotypes distribution in HIV-infected South Brazilian women. Infect Agent Cancer. 2014;9(1):6. Published 2014 Feb 11. doi:10.1186/1750-9378-9-6
  49. Blair JM, McNaghten AD, Frazier EL, Skarbinski J, Huang P, Heffelfinger JD. Clinical and behavioral characteristics of adults receiving medical care for HIV infection --- Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2007. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011 Sep 2;60(11):1-20. 
  50. Cohn SE, Clark RA. Sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, and AIDS in women. Med Clin North Am. 2003;87(5):971-995. doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(03)00062-2
  51. Arias E, El-tonsy H, Hafez ES. Conception control and HIV/STD infections. Adv Contracept Deliv Syst. 1988;4(2-3):97-193. 

Download Article
Received September 30, 2021.
Accepted October 15, 2021.
©2021 International Medical Research and Development Corporation.