Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and the Importance of Modifying them in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in Albania

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Zheni Gjergji, Myzafer Kaçaj, Edlira Bylykbashi, Ergeta Ktona, Dorina Toçi, Enver Roshi

 
For citation: Gjergji Z, Kaçi M, Bylykbashi E, Ktona E, Toçi D, Roshi E. Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and the Importance of Modifying them in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in Albania. International Journal of Biomedicine. 2025;15(2):338-345. doi:10.21103/Article15(2)_OA11
 
Originally published June 5, 2025
 

Abstract: 

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study aimed to evaluate CVD risk factors and their impact on patient outcomes in a cohort of Albanian HD patients.
Methods and Results: The descriptive and analytical study included 76 patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment at “Dr. Xhaferr Kongoli” Hospital (Elbasan, Albania) for two years (January 2010–January 2012). Data on traditional (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking) and non-traditional (inflammation, anemia, and hyperhomocysteinemia) CVD risk factors were collected. Among the 76 study participants, there were 56(73.7%) males and 20(26.3%) females, with a mean age of 49±12.5 years. The average duration of hemodialysis was 28.8±18.0 months. The primary causes of end-stage renal disease were chronic pyelonephritis (46.1%), chronic glomerulonephritis (22.4%), diabetic nephropathy (10.5%), polycystic kidney disease (7.8%), hypertension (6.6%), and other causes (6.6%).
The overall prevalence of CVD in the study patients was 50%. Among these patients, 44.7% had cardiac diseases, while 5.3% experienced vascular complications. Hypertension was present in 42.1% of patients at baseline. Dyslipidemia was also notable, with 42.1% of patients exhibiting elevated triglycerides and 52.6% showing high LDL-C levels. Among non-traditional risk factors, we found anemia in 93% of cases, inflammation (CRP >6 mg/dL) in 63.2%, and hyperhomocysteinemia in 64.5% of cases. Cardiovascular mortality was 34.2% among CVD patients. Survival rates were significantly lower in patients with hypertension (63% vs. 98%), CRP >6 mg/dL (75.5% vs. 96.3%), or serum albumin <4 g/dL (76.8% vs. 100%).
Conclusion: Both traditional and non-traditional CVD risk factors significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality in Albanian HD patients, emphasizing the need for comprehensive and individualized management strategies.

Keywords: 
hemodialysis • cardiovascular disease • risk factors • survival analysis
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Received February 4, 2025.
Accepted March 19, 2025.
©2025 International Medical Research and Development Corporation.